Association between ventilatory settings and pneumothorax in extremely preterm neonates.

OBJECTIVES: Pneumothorax is a catastrophic event associated with high morbidity and mortality, and it is relatively common in neonates. This study aimed to investigate the association between ventilatory parameters and the risk of developing pneumothorax in extremely low birth weight neonates. METHODS: This single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed 257 extremely low birth weight neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit between January 2012 and December 2017. A comparison was carried out to evaluate the highest value of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and driving pressure (DP) in the first 7 days of life between neonates who developed pneumothorax and those who did not. The primary outcome was pneumothorax with chest drainage necessity in the first 7 days of life. A matched control group was created in order to adjust for cofounders associated with pneumothorax (CRIB II score, birth weight, and gestational age). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in PEEP, PIP, and DP values in the first 7 days of life between extremely low birth weight neonates who had pneumothorax with chest drainage necessity and those who did not have pneumothorax, even after adjusting for potential cofounders. CONCLUSIONS: Pressure-related ventilatory settings in mechanically ventilated extremely low birth weight neonates are not associated with a higher risk of pneumothorax in the first 7 days of life.

Association between ventilatory settings and pneumothorax in extremely preterm neonates

OBJECTIVES: Pneumothorax is a catastrophic event associated with high morbidity and mortality, and it is relatively common in neonates. This study aimed to investigate the association between ventilatory parameters and the risk of developing pneumothorax in extremely low birth weight neonates. METHODS: This single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed 257 extremely low birth weight neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit between January 2012 and December 2017. A comparison was carried out to evaluate the highest value of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and driving pressure (DP) in the first 7 days of life between neonates who developed pneumothorax and those who did not. The primary outcome was pneumothorax with chest drainage necessity in the first 7 days of life. A matched control group was created in order to adjust for cofounders associated with pneumothorax (CRIB II score, birth weight, and gestational age). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in PEEP, PIP, and DP values in the first 7 days of life between extremely low birth weight neonates who had pneumothorax with chest drainage necessity and those who did not have pneumothorax, even after adjusting for potential cofounders. CONCLUSIONS: Pressure-related ventilatory settings in mechanically ventilated extremely low birth weight neonates are not associated with a higher risk of pneumothorax in the first 7 days of life.

Evolução temporal das definições de síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo / Temporal evolution of acute respiratory distress syndrome definitions

OBJETIVO: revisar a evolução das definições de síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo e apresentar a proposta atual para a mesma. FONTES DOS DADOS: revisão bibliográfica e seleção de publicações mais relevantes sobre as definições de síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, utilizando a base de dados MEDLINE®/PubMed® Resources Guide (últimos dez anos), além da inclusão dos artigos mais importantes (artigos clássicos) que descrevem a evolução da doença. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: revisão incluiu os seguintes tópicos: introdução; importância da definição; descrição do primeiro critério diagnóstico e das definições utilizadas subsequentemente, como o escore de lesão pulmonar aguda, definição da Conferência de Consenso Americana- Europeia e suas limitações, descrição da definição de Delphi e seus problemas; acurácia das definições citadas e descrição da definição mais recente (Definição de Berlim) e suas limitações; e importância prática da nova definição. CONCLUSÕES: a síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo é uma doença grave, que consiste em um contínuo desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico. A evolução das definições utilizadas para descrever a doença evidencia que estudos são necessários para validar a definição atual, principalmente em pediatria, onde os dados são muito escassos.

OBJECTIVE: to review the evolution of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) definitions and present the current definition for the syndrome. DATA SOURCE: a literature review and selection of the most relevant articles on ARDS definitions was performed using the MEDLINE®/PubMed® Resource Guide database (last ten years), in addition to including the most important articles (classic articles) that described the disease evolution. DATA SYNTHESIS: the review included the following subjects: introduction; importance of definition; description of the first diagnostic criterion and subsequently used definitions, such as acute lung injury score; definition by the American-European Consensus Conference, and its limitations; description of the definition by Delphi, and its problems; accuracy of the aforementioned definitions; description of most recent definition (the Berlin definition), and its limitations; and practical importance of the new definition. CONCLUSIONS: ARDS is a serious disease that remains an ongoing diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The evolution of definitions used to describe the disease shows that studies are needed to validate the current definition, especially in pediatrics, where the data are very scarce.

Avaliação da capacidade funcional para o exercício de crianças e adolescentes com doença falciforme pelo teste da caminhada de seis minutos / Evaluation of functional capacity for exercise in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease through the six minute walk test

OBJETIVO: avaliar a capacidade funcional pulmonar (CF) para o exercício físico de crianças e adolescentes com doença falciforme (DF) pelo teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6'). MÉTODOS: estudo transversal prospectivo avaliando a CF pelo TC6' de 46 pacientes com DF. Foram avaliados: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), saturação de pulso de oxigênio (SpO2), pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE), pressão arterial (PA) sistólica e diastólica, dispneia e cansaço em membros inferiores (escala de Borg modificada) em repouso, ao término e 10 minutos após o TC6' e a distância percorrida. Análise estatística: test t-Student pareado, análise de variância e comparações múltiplas de Bonferroni, significância p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: dos 46 pacientes, a média ± dp da idade foi 9,15 ± 3,06 anos, hemoglobina basal 9,4 ± 1,67 g/dL e distância percorrida 480,89 ± 68,70 m. Diagnóstico da DF: Grupo 1- HbSS (n = 20)/HbSβ0-talassemia (n = 3); e Grupo 2 - HbSC (n = 20)/ HbSβ+-talassemia (n = 3). O Grupo 1 apresentou menor distância percorrida do que o Grupo 2 (459,39 ± 57,19 vs 502,39 ± 73,60m; p = 0,032). Não houve diferença estatística em relação ao PFE. A SpO2 em ar ambiente e a SpO2 com O2 (1 L/min) após o teste foi maior no Grupo 2 (p < 0,001 e p = 0,002, respectivamente). A FR foi maior no Grupo 1 ao final do TC6' (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: esta amostra apresentou CF para o exercício abaixo do predito para a faixa etária na literatura. Os pacientes com HbSS/Sβ0-talassemia apresentaram desempenho inferior na distância percorrida, FR e SpO2 após o TC6', comparativamente aos pacientes com HbSC/Sβ+-talassemia.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate lung functional capacity (FC) for physical exercise in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) through the six-minute walk test (6MWT). METHOD: a cross-sectional prospective study was performed to evaluate the FC of 46 patients with SCD through the 6MWT. The following parameters were assessed: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), peripheral pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), peak expiratory flow (PEF), blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), dyspnea, and leg fatigue (modified Borg scale) at rest, in the end of the test, and ten minutes after the 6MWT. The total distance walked was also recorded. For statistical analysis, the parametric variables were analyzed using the paired Student's t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Bonferroni multiple comparisons, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: the 46 patients were aged age 9.15 ± 3.06 years, presented baseline Hb of 9.49 ± 1.67 g/dL, and walked 480.89 ± 68.70 m. SCD diagnosis was as follows: group 1- HbSS (n = 20)/HbSβ0-thalassemia (n = 3) and group 2 - HbSC (n = 20)/HbSβ+-thalassemia (n = 3). Regarding total distance walked, patients in group 1 walked a shorter distance than patients in group 2 (459.39 ± 57.19 vs. 502.39 ± 73.60 m; p = 0.032). There was no statistical difference regarding PEF in the three moments of evaluation. The SpO2 in ambient air and SpO2 with O2 differed between groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.001 vs. p = 0.002), as well as the RR (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: these patients showed a lower FC for exercise than that predicted for the age range in the literature. Patients diagnosed with HbSS/Sβ0-thalassemia had a lower performance in the test than those with HbSC/Sβ+-thalassemia regarding total distance walked, RR, and SpO2 after the 6MWT.

Evaluation of functional capacity for exercise in children and adolescents with sickle-cell disease through the six-minute walk test.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lung functional capacity (FC) for physical exercise in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) through the six-minute walk test (6MWT). METHOD: A cross-sectional prospective study was performed to evaluate the FC of 46 patients with SCD through the 6MWT. The following parameters were assessed: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), peripheral pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), peak expiratory flow (PEF), blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), dyspnea, and leg fatigue (modified Borg scale) at rest, in the end of the test, and ten minutes after the 6MWT. The total distance walked was also recorded. For statistical analysis, the parametric variables were analyzed using the paired Student's t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Bonferroni multiple comparisons, with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The 46 patients were aged age 9.15±3.06 years, presented baseline Hb of 9.49±1.67g/dL, and walked 480.89±68.70 m. SCD diagnosis was as follows: group 1- HbSS (n=20)/HbSß(0)-thalassemia (n=3) and group 2 - HbSC (n=20)/HbSß(+)-thalassemia (n=3). Regarding total distance walked, patients in group 1 walked a shorter distance than patients in group 2 (459.39±57.19 vs. 502.39±73.60 m; p=0.032). There was no statistical difference regarding PEF in the three moments of evaluation. The SpO2 in ambient air and SpO2 with O2 differed between groups 1 and 2 (p<0.001 vs. p=0.002), as well as the RR (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: These patients showed a lower FC for exercise than that predicted for the age range in the literature. Patients diagnosed with HbSS/Sß0-thalassemia had a lower performance in the test than those with HbSC/Sß(+)-thalassemia regarding total distance walked, RR, and SpO2 after the 6MWT.

Estimulação tátil-cinestésica: uma integração entre pele e sistema endócrino? / Tactile-kinesthetic stimulation: integration between skin and endocrine system?

Apresenta-se uma revisão da literatura sobre os aspectos neuroendócrinos da pele e as conseqüências da estimulação tátil-cinestésica sobre o córtex adrenal. Os artigos foram identificados a partir das bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS, usando as palavras-chave "córtex supra-renal", "pele", "massagem", "lactentes", "glicocorticóide" e "ritmo circadiano". O período pesquisado foi de 1990 a 2003. Foram também consultados artigos de destaque publicados antes desse período. Estudos reconhecem o hipotálamo, a hipófise e a glândula adrenal como órgãos dinâmicos durante o desenvolvimento fetal e neonatal, e que respostas de estresse estão presentes ao nascer. A maioria dos estudos revisados, utilizando a estimulação tátil-cinestésica, seja em humanos ou animais, evidencia a capacidade da pele em metabolizar, coordenar e organizar estímulos externos, procurando manter a homeostase interna e externa, demonstrando a interação entre sistema neuroendócrino e a pele. A estimulação tátil-cinestésica parece ter um efeito sobre a reatividade hormonal, porém essa questão merece uma investigação mais aprofundada.

A literature review on skin neuroendocrine aspects and the consequences of the tactile- kinesthetic stimulation on the adrenal cortex are presented. The articles were identified through MEDLINE and LILACS data bases, using the keywords "suprarenal cortex", "skin", "massage", "infants", "glucocorticoid" and "circadian rhythm". Single articles published between 1990 and 2003 were considered, as well as outstanding ones prior to this period. Studies recognize that the hypothalamus, the pituitary and the adrenal gland are dynamic organs during fetal and neonatal development, and that stress responses are active at birth. Most of the studies reviewed, using tactile-kinesthetic stimulation, both in humans and animals, confirm skin's ability to metabolize, coordinate and organize external stimuli, attempting to maintain both external and internal homeostasis, demonstrating an interaction between the neuroendocrine system and tactile stimulation. Tactile-kinesthetic stimulation seems to have an effect on hormonal reactivity, although the issue demands further investigation.

Terapia com hormônio de crescimento nos estados hipercatabólicos em pediatria: revisão sistemática e metanálise: [revisão] / Growth hormone therapy in pediatric hypercatabolic state: a systematic review and meta-analysis: [review]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a utilização do hormônio de crescimento recombinante (rhGH) em pacientes pediátricos em estado de hipercatabolismo internados em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP). MÉTODO: Foram pesquisados os seguintes bancos de dados: MedLine (1990 a 2005), LILACS ( 1990 a 2005), OVID (1990 a 2006), EMBASE (1990 a 2005). Constou de estudos aleatórios controlados, em pacientes pediátricos com quadro de hipercatabolismo (queimados, sépticos) que utilizaram rhGH durante internação em UTIP. A intervenção incluía rhGH versus placebo. Os dados foram extraídos em duplicata e independentemente. A metanálise foi realizada utilizando as ferramentas estatísticas do software Review Manager, sendo utilizado o método de Mantel-Haenzel para variáveis dicotômicas e variância inversa para contínuas. RESULTADOS: Existem evidências de que a utilização do rhGH em pacientes pediátricos queimados reduziu a utilização de albumina exógena, melhora no ganho de massa muscular magra e aceleração da cicatrização dos ferimentos do local doador, sem efeito na mortalidade. Possivelmente, pode reduzir o tempo de internação. A hiperglicemia foi o evento adverso mais freqüente. CONCLUSÕES: Essa revisão sugere que a aplicação precoce do rhGH no tratamento em pacientes pediátricos com queimaduras graves tem potencial implicação na melhora clínica. Embora a literatura não dê suporte à utilização de rotina, deve-se considerar sua utilização neste grupo de pacientes, pelo menos para estudos futuros. Em pacientes sépticos, os dados são insuficientes para qualquer consideração.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the use of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in pediatric patients with hypercatabolic state in the pediatric intensive care unit. METHODS: We searched the databases of MedLine (1990 to 2005), LILACS (1990 to 2005), OVID (1990 to 2006) and EMBASE (1990 to 2005). Randomized controlled trials in pediatric patients using rhGH for hypercatabolic state (burns, sepsis) were selected. Intervention included rhGH therapy versus placebo. Data were extracted in duplicate and independently. Meta-analyses were performed using the software Review Manager statistic tools, with Mantel-Haenzel method for dichotomous outcomes and inverse variance method for continuous. RESULTS: There were evidences that rhGH in burned pediatric patients can reduce exogenous albumin requirement, with a improvement in Lean Body Mass, and accelerate site-donor wound healing, with no effects on mortality. Possibly can reduce the length of hospital stay. Hyperglycemia was the most frequently reported adverse event. CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests that the early application of rhGH to standard treatment in pediatric severe burned patients has the potential to improve some aspects from outcome. At this time, although the literature does not support routine rhGH for pediatric burn patients, consideration should be given to its use in this group, at least as an aim for further research. For use in septic patients, no proper statement can be done.

[Growth hormone therapy in pediatric hypercatabolic state: a systematic review and meta-analysis]. / Terapia com hormônio de crescimento nos estados hipercatabólicos em pediatria: revisão sistemática e metanálise.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the use of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in pediatric patients with hypercatabolic state in the pediatric intensive care unit. METHODS: We searched the databases of MedLine (1990 to 2005), LILACS (1990 to 2005), OVID (1990 to 2006) and EMBASE (1990 to 2005). Randomized controlled trials in pediatric patients using rhGH for hypercatabolic state (burns, sepsis) were selected. Intervention included rhGH therapy versus placebo. Data were extracted in duplicate and independently. Meta-analyses were performed using the software Review Manager statistic tools, with Mantel-Haenzel method for dichotomous outcomes and inverse variance method for continuous. RESULTS: There were evidences that rhGH in burned pediatric patients can reduce exogenous albumin requirement, with a improvement in Lean Body Mass, and accelerate site-donor wound healing, with no effects on mortality. Possibly can reduce the length of hospital stay. Hyperglycemia was the most frequently reported adverse event. CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests that the early application of rhGH to standard treatment in pediatric severe burned patients has the potential to improve some aspects from outcome. At this time, although the literature does not support routine rhGH for pediatric burn patients, consideration should be given to its use in this group, at least as an aim for further research. For use in septic patients, no proper statement can be done.

Dependência do óxido nítrico inalatório: relato de caso / Inhalation of nitric oxide - dependence: case report

Objetivo: Descrever a resposta hemodinâmica com rebote da hipertensão pulmonar após a retirada do óxido nitrico (NO) inalado em uma criança com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA). Métodos: Relato de caso de uma criança pré-escolar com SDRA e hipertensão pulmonar, avaliada através de ecocardiografia com dopller, recebendo NO inalado por um período de 21 dias. Resultados: Houve diminuição da pressão estimada da artéria pulmonar (PAP) de 52 mmHg para 44 mmHg depois da titulação inicial da dose de NO inalado. Após a sua retirada, observou-se uma elevação da PAP (55mmHg) necessitando-se reinstalar o NO inalado para se obter um valor mais adequado (34mmHg). Uma nova tentativa de interrupção do NO inalado após um uso prolongado (20 dias), observou-se uma nova piora clínica e aumento da PAP havendo a indicação de se religar o NO inalado. No 24§ dia de internação, a paciente evoluiu ppara óbito por disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. Conclusões: A possibilidade de rebote da hipertensão pulmonar após a interrupção do NO inalado é uma complicação que tem implicações clínicas importantes nos pacientes que necessitam um tratamento prolongado com o NO. Esse relato de caso ressalta estas implicações(A);